The Yerkes-Dodson law
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between arousal and quality of performance as an inverted U-shaped curve: performance rises with arousal up to an optimum, then starts to fall. Both too little and too much arousal make performance worse.
Definition
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance as a function of arousal takes the shape of an inverted U: there is an optimal point at which performance peaks. A corollary of the law says that for complex, finely coordinated tasks the optimal level of arousal is lower than for simple power tasks. This idea underpins the concept of the individual zone of optimal functioning.
How it shows up in sport
An under-aroused athlete is flat and inattentive, an overaroused one is tight and fidgety, and the peak falls in the middle. Drifting from the optimum in either direction produces inconsistent results. For precision disciplines (shooting, golf) the optimum is lower; for power ones (sprinting, weightlifting) it is higher.
Related tests
To find your point on the curve, match measurements of pre-start arousal against your results using arousal and well-being scales. Suitable instruments are in the tests section. Regular measurement reveals the level at which you consistently perform better.
Exercises
The practices divide into arousal-raising and arousal-lowering: warm-up and self-activation against breathing and relaxation. Sets of techniques are available in the exercises section. The point is to learn to bring yourself to the top of your own U-curve, rather than simply calming down or firing up blindly.
Related terms and issues
Directly connected to arousal, the individual zone of optimal functioning and pre-competition anxiety. The practical version of it is inconsistent results. Our specialists can help you work out your own optimum.
FAQ
So the calmer I am, the better my result?
No. Under the Yerkes-Dodson law there is an optimum: arousal that is too low is as damaging as arousal that is too high. The aim is to land in the middle, not to minimise arousal.
Why is the optimum different for shooting and for sprinting?
For complex, precise tasks the optimal level of arousal is lower; for simple power tasks it is higher. That refinement is the second half of the law.
Related topics
See also
When you need a personal review
If the challenge recurs, affects results, or causes strong tension for the athlete, it is better to discuss it with a specialist. Sports Talk helps you find a psychologist and a format that fits the sport, age and upcoming calendar.